In this article, we will see Parseval’s theorem proof. Before we go any further, first learn What is Parseval’s theorem? It states that the sum (or integral) of the square of a function is equal to the sum (or integral) of the square of its transform. Parseval’s theorem is also known as Rayleigh’s energy theorem or Rayleigh’s Identity … Read more
Owen’s bridge is an AC bridge used for measurement of inductance of a coil in terms of capacitance. It is used for low Q-coils. Owen’s bridge is shown in figure 1 under balance condition. From figure 1, there are four arms as arm 1 = ab arm 2 = ad arm 3 = bc arm … Read more
Nuclear radiations emitted by disintegrating nuclei cannot be sensed directly. Indirect methods are employed to detect them. The Geiger Muller Counter is a radiation detector that is used for detection and measurement of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. The other radiation detectors are Ionization chamber and scintillation counters. The Geiger Muller (GM) tube consists of … Read more
A digital voltmeter (DVM) is truly a voltage measuring unit where unknown analog DC voltage is to be measured i.e. first converted to digital form and then displayed on seven segment display. The accuracy, versatility, precision, robustness of Digital electronic devices cannot be matched with that of Analog devices as the former ones are far more … Read more
A Shockley diode is a two terminal, three junction, four-layer p-n-p-n semiconductor device. It consists of four alternate p-type and n-type semiconductor layers in a single crystal. It was invented by William Shockley. It is used primarily for switching applications. It is similar to a thyristor with detached gate. Shockley Diode Symbol The schematic diagram … Read more
Reciprocity Theorem In a linear, bilateral time-varying network, the ratio between response to the excitation remains same even after the position of response and excitation are interchanged. OR In a very lucid way, we can explain the reciprocity theorem as when the places of voltage and current source in any network are interchanged, the amount … Read more
Electric heating means the production of heat energy from electrical energy. This type of heating can be generated by several methods. Classification of Electric Heating Methods The classification of electric heating methods is shown in the following figure. In general, Electric heating can be classified as power frequency heating and high frequency heating. Power Frequency … Read more
An operational amplifier popularly known as op-amp is a DC-coupled high gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and usually a single-ended output. As the name suggests, it is basically an amplifier, whose job is to amplify the input signals. The reason behind it being called as “operational” is that, in early days when … Read more
A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a current-controlled semiconductor device which has three-terminals. The current in BJT is carried by both majority and minority carriers so it is known as bipolar device. The input resistance of BJT is low so it is used as an amplifier, oscillator circuits and digital circuits. Note: The usage of … Read more
In control engineering, characterization of a controlled system is primarily determined by its dynamic behaviour which also characterizes the scope and the quality needed to solve a control task. The step response of the controlled system is used to reflect this dynamic behaviour. A controller is one of the most important parts of the control … Read more