What is Reciprocity Theorem? Explanation & Limitations

Reciprocity Theorem

In a linear, bilateral time-varying network, the ratio between response to the excitation remains same even after the position of response and excitation are interchanged.

OR

In a very lucid way, we can explain the reciprocity theorem as when the places of voltage and current source in any network are interchanged, the amount or magnitude of the current and voltage flowing in the circuit remains the same.

Note:

1. The Reciprocity Theorem is applicable for both AC and DC Circuits.
2. While applying Reciprocity Theorem, the circuit does not have time varying element.
3. Using Reciprocity Theorem, it is possible to conclude whether a network is linear or non-linear.

Explanation of Reciprocity Theorem

Explanation of Reciprocity Theorem
 
 

In the above figure, there are three resistances R1, R2, and R3 along with voltage source (V) which is an excitation for the circuit. The response of this circuit is current (I) which is measured through Ammeter (I). According to the Reciprocity Theorem, the voltage source (excitation) and the current response (ammeter) are interchangeable for solving the network. The ratio of response to excitation is constant.

Let us take another example.

 
In above fig.(a). the voltage source (excitation) is shown and the current (response) through resistor r4 is  I1. In the above fig.(b), the source is placed in series with r4 with the same direction of polarity and the current through r1 is  I2. According to reciprocity theorem I1 = I2.

Note: To apply the reciprocity theorem, unit of response/excitation should be either mho or ohm while applying theorem circuit should consist of only one independent source.

Limitations of Reciprocity Theorem

1. Not applicable to the circuits consisting of any time varying element.
2. Not applicable to the circuits consisting of the dependent source even it is linear.
3. Not applicable to the circuits consisting of non-linear elements like diode, transistor, etc.

Application of Reciprocity Theorem

  1. This theorem is applied to analyze Ultrasound Generated by High-Intensity Surface Heating of Elastic Bodies.
  2. This theorem is applied to determine line-load-generated surface waves on an inhomogeneous transversely isotropic half-space .

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