Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are extremely small; typical sizes are around 100 picometers. Atom The smallest particle of an element is called an atom. An atom can take part in chemical combination and does not occur free in nature. The atom of the hydrogen is … Read more
In this article, we will learn another numbering system, known as hexadecimal number system. It has a base of sixteen (16). It means that there are sixteen digits with the help of which we can represent any number of the hexadecimal family. The digits are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, … Read more
In this article, we will learn another numbering system, known as octal number system. It has a base of eight (8). It means that there are eight digits with the help of which we can represent any number of the octal family. The digits are from 0 to 7 i.e. (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Representation … Read more
In daily life, we mostly use the decimal number system. The decimal number system has a base of ten (10). It means that there are ten digits with the help of which we can represent any number of the decimal family. The digits are from 0 to 9 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). … Read more
The characteristics of a pulse are shown in figure 1. Base line: It is referred to the DC level and is the line at which the pulse starts and finishes. Base line shift: The shift of base line from zero volts, or the expected value, is called the base line offset. The amplitude of the pulse … Read more
Beat Frequency Oscillator is a type of oscillator used to obtain variable frequency output in the audio frequency range. The basic working of this type of oscillator is as follows. Working Principle Figure 1 shows a block diagram of beat frequency oscillator (BFO). It uses two Radio frequency (RF) oscillators. One is fixed frequency oscillator … Read more
Ohm’s Law Definition The current flowing through any conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference between two endpoints of the conductor at a constant temperature. where, ‘R’ is a constant known as the resistance of the conductor. The Ohm’s law can be applied to both AC and DC circuits. Limitations of Ohm’s law 1. It … Read more
The multiplexer is a combinational logic circuit designed to switch one of several input lines to a single common output line by the application of a control logic. The input has a maximum of 2N data inputs (where N = selection or control lines) and single output line. In short, Multiplexer is also known as Mux or data selector or many to … Read more
A subtractor is a digital logic circuit in electronics that performs the operation of subtraction of two number. Subtractors are classified into two types: half subtractor and full subtractor. A full subtractor (FS) is a combinational circuit that performs a subtraction between two bits, taking into account borrow of the lower significant stage. This circuit … Read more
Semiconductors are those substances whose electrical conductivity lies in between conductors and insulators. In terms of energy band, the valence band is almost filled and conduction band is almost empty. Further, the energy gap between valence band and conduction band is very small. The semiconductor has filled valence band, empty conduction band, and small energy gap … Read more