Amplitude Modulation(AM) The process of varying amplitude of the high-frequency or carrier wave in accordance with the intelligence (code, voice or music) to be transmitted, keeping the frequency and phase of the carrier wave unchanged, is known as the amplitude modulation. Modulating Signal The information bearing signal is called modulating signal. Modulated signal The signal … Read more
The comparison between Moving Coil & Moving Iron Instruments is given in the table below. S.No. Moving Coil Instruments Moving Iron Instruments 1. It works on the principle of DC motor. It works on the principles of magnetism. 2. Deflection torque is proportional to current. Deflection torque is proportional to the square of the current. 3. Damping is provided … Read more
Q. What is VTVM? Answer. VTVM is a vacuum tube voltmeter. It makes the use of vacuum tube(s) as an active device. Q. Enlist the types of VTVMs? Answer. Average reading, peak reading, slide back, logarithmic, balanced Bridge and electrometer VTVMs are the different types of VTVM. Q. Enlist TVMs. Answer. 1. TVM with cascaded transistor. … Read more
Self Organizing Maps (SOM) technique was developed in 1982 by a professor, Tuevo Kohonen. Professor Kohonen worked on auto-associative memory during the 1970s and 1980s and in 1982 he presented his self-organizing map algorithm. SOMs are named as “Self-Organizing” because no supervision is required. Self-organizing maps learn on their own through unsupervised competitive learning. They … Read more
In the previous article, we had learned about Kalman filter. As Kalman filter assumes linear system but finds greatest applications in non-linear systems. Kalman filter assumes an approximate solution, describe the deviations from the reference by linear equations. Kalman filter has issues of divergence also. When the error covariance matrix Pk computed by the Kalman filter … Read more
The Kalman filter is a recursive state space model based estimation algorithm. In other words, it is an optimal recursive data processing algorithm. Kalman filter is also called as the Predictor-Corrector algorithm. This filter is named after Rudolph E. Kalman, who in 1960 published his famous paper describing a recursive solution to the discrete data … Read more
A sensor is basically a device that converts the physical parameter (for example, viscosity, temperature, blood pressure, light intensity, humidity, speed, etc.) into a signal(may be electrical or non-electrical quantity) which can be easily measured. For example, let us consider an electrical resistance temperature element. Here the measurand is the temperature which is being sensed … Read more
A sensor producing an electrical output, when combined with some interfacing hardware is termed to be an intelligent sensor. Intelligent sensors are also called smart sensors, which is a more acceptable term now. Sensors + Interfacing hardwares = Smart sensors This type of sensor is different from other types of sensors because it carries out … Read more
In many applications such as audio applications, it is useful to represent a signal in terms of sample values taken at appropriately spaced intervals. The signal can be reconstructed from the sampled waveform by passing it through an ideal low pass filter. In order to ensure a distortionless reconstruction, the original signal must be sampled … Read more
So far we have seen different types of pulse modulation. In this article, we are going to talk about Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is a different type of pulse modulation because it is a digital process. Though it uses sampling techniques. The PCM generator produces a series of … Read more