Fuzzy T-norm and S-norm Operator

T-norm (Triangular norm) ——> Fuzzy Intersection T-norm operator: A∩B ↔ µA∩B (x) = T (µA(x), µB(x)) = µA(x) ∧ µB(x),     ∀ x ∈ X where ∧ is for T-norm operator (example, min. product) Definition of T-norm operator A T-norm operator denoted by T(a,b) is a function mapping [0,1]×[0,1] to [0,1] that satisfies the following conditions for any … Read more

LASER Working: Types and Applications

LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. LASER is a narrow beam of light of a single wavelength (monochromatic) in which each wave is in phase (coherent) with others near it. Laser apparatus Laser apparatus is a device that produces an intense concentrated, and a highly parallel beam of coherent light. Atom … Read more

X-ray Working | Applications

X-rays It is a form of electromagnetic radiation having a high frequency (energy) or shorter wavelength. It has no mass, no charge but has energy. It travels at the speed of light When an X-ray is projected on the human body, three things happen i.e. Pass all the way through the body deflected or scattered … Read more

Parallel Operation of DC Generators

For supplying a large DC load, it is desirable to use more than one generator in parallel. This arrangement provides the security that if one generator gives way, the other(s) can feed part load. Desirable Conditions for DC Generators in Parallel Same voltage rating Same percentage voltage regulation Same percentage speed regulation of the prime … Read more

Ultrasound Principle | Working & Applications

What is Ultrasound? Ultrasound or ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves and their echoes to create images of the inside of the body. This technique is similar to the SONAR used by submarines, echolocation used by bats, dolphins, and whales. How Ultrasound Creates an Image A gel is applied to the body area which … Read more

Thevenin’s theorem | Applications

Thevenin’s theorem Definition In any linear bi-directional circuit having more number of elements, it can be replaced by a single equivalent circuit consisting of equivalent voltage (Thevenin equivalent voltage) in series with an equivalent resistance (Thevenin equivalent resistance). By using Thevenin’s theorem load current can be calculated either in linear or nonlinear load. Consider a … Read more

Water Pollution | Pollutants & Control

Water pollution involves contaminated water, whether from chemical, particulate, or bacterial matter that degrades the water’s quality and purity. It can occur in oceans, rivers, lakes, and underground reservoirs, and as different water sources flow together the pollution can spread. The causes of water pollution include the increased sediment from soil erosion, improper waste disposal … Read more