In this article, we will learn about Pulse Time Modulation. In the previous article, we had learned about pulse amplitude modulation. In Pulse Time Modulation, the timing characteristics such as width, position, and frequency are varied with the amplitude of the input signal. So, Pulse Time Modulation are of three types i.e. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Pulse Position … Read more
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is a type of pulse modulation in which the signal is sampled at regular intervals, with each sample proportional to the amplitude of the signal at the time of sampling. There are two types of Pulse Amplitude Modulation Single polarity PAM Double polarity PAM Single polarity PAM In this type of PAM, … Read more
There are some simple relations between currents and voltages of different branches of an electrical circuit. These relations are determined by some elementary laws that are known as Kirchhoff laws or more exactly Kirchhoff Current and Voltage laws. These laws are first derived by Gustave Robert Kirchhoff and therefore these laws are also called as Kirchhoff … Read more
1. Arithmetic Mean 2. Deviation, d 3. Mean or Average deviation 4. Standard deviation, σ 5. Probable Error, r r = 0.6745 σ 6. Mean probable error, rm Also 7. Standard deviation of mean 8. Standard deviation of Standard deviation 9. Minimum range of error 10. Maximum range of error 11. Average range of error 12. Variance, V V = σ2
In this article, we will discuss the working of a 4-Channel Electronic Sampling System. The basic circuit diagram is shown in figure1. Analog inputs are channels 1, 2,3, and 4. The PMOS transistor acts as a switch here. It is in ON state when the gate input is 0 (or low). The following table gives the … Read more
In the previous article, we have learned about Time division multiplexing. In this article, we will learn about multiplexing of data based on frequency division i.e. Frequency Division Multiplexing. The frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is based on sharing the available bandwidth of a communication channel among the signals to be transmitted. Let us understand with the help … Read more
In order to transmit a large number of signals from one location to other, multiplexing is used. Communication channels are costly so it is not economical to use separate channel per signal. Signals can be transmitted over a single communication channel by either dividing the time slots between various signals and transmitting it in turns … Read more
An Instrumentation amplifier is a kind of differential amplifier with additional input buffer stages. The addition of input buffer stages makes it easy to match (impedance matching) the amplifier with the preceding stage. In other words, we can say that the differential op-amp circuit providing high input impedances with ease of gain adjustment through the variation … Read more
Radioactive materials are used in nuclear power plants to generate electricity. These radioactive materials emit nuclear radiation. The radiation consists of alpha, beta, gamma and neutrons particles. These particles that detected by an instrument called radiation detector such as Geiger Muller counter, Ionization chamber, Scintillation counter, etc. Types of Radiation 1. Alpha Particles It is … Read more
A scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation similar to Geiger Muller counter and ionization chamber. It uses excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillator material and detecting the resultant light pulses. Scintillation crystals are those which produce a brief flash of light each time they are struck by an … Read more