With sustainable urbanization, economical personal mobility and security of energy in emphasis, there is a shift from the monopoly of Internal Combustion automobiles to alternative fuel vehicles. Alternative fuels are vehicle fuels that are not composed of petroleum. Alcohols, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Electricity, Hydrogen, Liquefied natural gas (LNG), Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (also called … Read more
A ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is a device that cuts off an electric power supply when it detects the ground fault in the system and hence prevents the system from severe damage. The GFCI monitors the current flowing into different phases and neutral. It turns off the power supply by sending a tripping signal … Read more
You have heard about proximity sensors in your daily life that are commonly used in mobile or smartphones, tablets, etc. Proximity sensors are commonly used on mobile devices to detect if someone is in nominal range. A proximity sensor is a type of sensor which is able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any … Read more
What is an analog-to-digital converter? An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a system that converts an analog signal to a digital signal. For example, a sound picked up by a microphone into a digital signal. The output of a microphone, the voltage at a photodiode or the signal of an accelerometer are the examples of the … Read more
Superposition Theorem Definition In any linear bi-directional circuit having more number of sources, the response in anyone of the elements is equal to an algebraic sum of the responses caused by individual sources while the rest of the sources are replaced by its internal resistance. OR In a network of linear impedances containing more than … Read more
Figure. RVDT In the previous article, we have learned about Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). Rotary Variable Differential Transformer (RVDT) is a variation of LVDT and used to sense angular displacement. It is a passive transducer. In short, RVDT provides a variable alternating current (AC) output voltage that is linearly proportional to the angular displacement … Read more
The State of Charge (SOC) has an important role in determining the remaining capacity of the battery pack. Accurate estimation of the SOC is very complex and is difficult to implement, because of the limited battery model. Battery State of Health (SOH) is an important indicator of the battery’s life. SOH reflects the ability of … Read more
Battery monitoring is vital for most electric vehicles because the safety, operation and even the life of the passengers depend on the battery system. The major function of the battery management system (BMS) is to check and control the status of the battery within their specified safe operating conditions. One of the important parameters that … Read more
Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery The principles in which NiMH cells operate are based on their ability to absorb, release, and transport (move) hydrogen between the electrodes within the cell. Negative Electrode: Metal Hydride such as AB2 (A=titanium and/or Vanadium, B= Zirconium or Nickel, modified with chromium, Cobalt, iron and/or manganese) or AB5 (A = rare … Read more
Dead Time It is defined as the time required by a measurement system to begin to respond to a change in the measurand. It is basically the time before the instrument begins to respond after the measurand has been changed. Dead Zone Dead zone is defined as the largest change of input quantity for which … Read more