In case of block diagram reduction diagram, there is no standard procedure for reducing the block diagram to evaluate its transfer function. Also, the block diagram reduction technique is tedious and is difficult to choose the rules to be applied for reduction. In order to avoid such problems, the block diagram is converted to signal … Read more
The control system analysis fails for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems and the systems initially not at rest by using transfer function approach. The use of the state-space approach for the analysis of control systems enables to overcome the shortcomings of the transfer function approach. State The state of a dynamic system is the smallest state of variables … Read more
Mechanical Electrical Analogy The concept of an analogous system is very useful in practice. Since one type of system may be easier to handle experimentally than other. A given electrical system consisting of resistance, inductance and capacitance may be analogous to the mechanical system consisting of a suitable combination of dashpot, mass, and spring. Analogous System … Read more
When we talked about conventional thermal power plants the efficiency is in between 37 to 40%. In thermal plants, the fuel is burnt and the heat generated is used to convert water into steam. This steam is used to used to rotate turbine of an alternator. This is how steam energy is converted into mechanical … Read more
A cluster is comprised of a number of similar feature vectors group together. If there are ‘d‘ features used to describe the data, a cluster can be described as a region in d-dimensional space containing a relatively high density of points separated from other such reasons regions by regions containing a relatively low density of … Read more
Operations on Fuzzy Set 1. Subset A ⊂ B ↔ μA(x) ≤ μB(x), ∀ x ∈ X 2. Complement Ac ↔ μAc(x) = 1 − μA(x), ∀ x ∈ X 3. Superset A ⊃ B ↔ μA(x) ≥ μB(x), ∀ x ∈ X The characteristic function will never exceed beyond the value of 1. It’s value varies between 0 and 1 always. 4. Intersection … Read more
1. Triangular MF 2. Trapezoidal MF 3. Gaussian MF 4. Generalized bell MF 5. Sigmoidal MF
T-norm (Triangular norm) ——> Fuzzy Intersection T-norm operator: A∩B ↔ µA∩B (x) = T (µA(x), µB(x)) = µA(x) ∧ µB(x), ∀ x ∈ X where ∧ is for T-norm operator (example, min. product) Definition of T-norm operator A T-norm operator denoted by T(a,b) is a function mapping [0,1]×[0,1] to [0,1] that satisfies the following conditions for any … Read more
LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. LASER is a narrow beam of light of a single wavelength (monochromatic) in which each wave is in phase (coherent) with others near it. Laser apparatus Laser apparatus is a device that produces an intense concentrated, and a highly parallel beam of coherent light. Atom … Read more
X-rays It is a form of electromagnetic radiation having a high frequency (energy) or shorter wavelength. It has no mass, no charge but has energy. It travels at the speed of light When an X-ray is projected on the human body, three things happen i.e. Pass all the way through the body deflected or scattered … Read more
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