Most electrical substations will utilize air-insulated designs, where the live components are exposed. The equipment in the substation must be positioned to maintain adequate spacing between live parts and other substation components, whether grounded or not. Adequate spacing is essential to protect both operating and maintenance staff, minimizing the risk of electrical hazards and preventing … Read more
Creepage Distance for Insulators The creepage distance for insulators is the shortest distance along the insulator surface between the metal parts at each end of the insulator. Creepage distance can also be referred as leakage distance for insulators. Insulators in substation are provided to avoid any leakage current from live electrical conductors to flow to … Read more
In this article, we will learn about different test parameters that are required after performing medical tests on patients to analyse statistical data. We may define terms for test results 1. True positive (TP): A true positive test result is one that detects the condition when the condition is present. TP denotes the number of true … Read more
Fig. Capacitive transducers (source: directindustry.com) Capacitive Transducers The capacitive transducer is the capacitor with variable capacitance. The capacitive transducer consists of two parallel metal plates that are separated by the dielectric material such as air. We are familiar with the equation of capacitor which is given as In a normal capacitor, the … Read more
With an increase in the operating voltage, the insulation requirement will also increase. Transmission system will have transmission voltages as high as 400kV and above voltage levels. At these voltages, the pin insulators become bulky, cumbersome and costly. You can read about Overhead Line Insulators here. Some of the advantages of suspension insulators over pin … Read more
Normal loads on an AC supply system are inductive in nature (eg: motors, power transformers, voltage regulators, induction furnace, choke coils, magnetic systems, discharge tubes etc) Inductive power requires reactive power in addition to active power (active power is required to do the true work). The reactive power increases the load imposed on the system. … Read more
Any two conductors separated by an insulating medium constitutes a condenser or capacitor.In case of overhead transmission lines, two conductors form the two plates of the capacitor and the air between the conductors behaves as a dielectric medium. Thus an overhead transmission line can be assumed to have capacitance between the conductors throughout the length … Read more
Generally, in the secondary distribution system, single phase two wire distribution system is generally followed. But for remote distribution systems in rural areas single-phase ground return system has found economical. In this system, the earth is used as return conductor and only one phase wire or conductor is used. This system requires grounding rods deep … Read more
All the equipment connected to the power utility system is designed to be used within the voltage range. Voltage drop exists in each part of the system. Consumers who are electrically connected to the primary distribution feeder near to the substation will have maximum voltage levels compared to consumers who are located at the tail … Read more
The factors to be considered for evaluating the suitability of a cable for a particular application are load, system voltage, cable insulation, short circuit rating, environmental conditions, sheath and protective coverings, heat dissipation losses, economic considerations etc. The following points are important Maximum continuous current rating System Earthing Voltage drop Conditions of installation Expected Short … Read more