Methods to Reduce Step Potential & Touch Potential in Substation

Step Potential and Touch Potentials are very important in substations because during ground faults all the ground current returns to the substation transformer (as the substation transformer is grounded). The current that returns through the earth can create a significant voltage gradient along the ground and between ground and conducting objects. A step potential in … Read more

Substation Safety Clearances

Majority of electrical substations will be the air insulated type. All the electrical equipment live parts will be exposed. All the electrical equipment in the substation shall be arranged in such a manner to ensure the clearance space between the live parts and other equipment of the substation (grounded or ungrounded). Adequate clearances should be … Read more

Creepage Distance for Insulators in Substation

Creepage Distance for Insulators The creepage distance for insulators is the shortest distance along the insulator surface between the metal parts at each end of the insulator. Creepage distance can also be referred as leakage distance for insulators. Insulators in substation are provided to avoid any leakage current from live electrical conductors to flow to … Read more

Test Statistics-BioInstrumentation

In this article, we will learn about different test parameters that are required after performing medical tests on patients to analyse statistical data. We may define terms for test results 1. True positive (TP):  A true positive test result is one that detects the condition when the condition is present. TP denotes the number of true … Read more

Capacitive Transducers Working Principle & Applications

Fig. Capacitive transducers (source: directindustry.com)   Capacitive Transducers   The capacitive transducer is the capacitor with variable capacitance. The capacitive transducer consists of two parallel metal plates that are separated by the dielectric material such as air. We are familiar with the equation of capacitor which is given as   In a normal capacitor, the … Read more

Advantages of Suspension Insulators Over Pin type Insulators

With an increase in the operating voltage, the insulation requirement will also increase. Transmission system will have transmission voltages as high as 400kV and above voltage levels. At these voltages, the pin insulators become bulky, cumbersome and costly. You can read about Overhead Line Insulators here. Some of the advantages of suspension insulators over pin … Read more

Shunt Capacitor Advantages in Power System

Normal loads on an AC supply system are inductive in nature (eg: motors, power transformers, voltage regulators, induction furnace, choke coils, magnetic systems, discharge tubes etc) Inductive power requires reactive power in addition to active power (active power is required to do the true work). The reactive power increases the load imposed on the system. … Read more

Charging Currents in Transmission Lines

Any two conductors separated by an insulating medium constitutes a condenser or capacitor.In case of overhead transmission lines, two conductors form the two plates of the capacitor and the air between the conductors behaves as a dielectric medium. Thus an overhead transmission line can be assumed to have capacitance between the conductors throughout the length … Read more

Single Phase Earth Return System Advantages & Disadvantages

Generally, in the secondary distribution system, single phase two wire distribution system is generally followed. But for remote distribution systems in rural areas single-phase ground return system has found economical. In this system, the earth is used as return conductor and only one phase wire or conductor is used. This system requires grounding rods deep … Read more