In Inductive transducers, the basic principle is that self-inductance of a single coil or the mutual inductance between two coils is changed by a quantity to be measured i.e. measurand. Usually, the measurand could be a rotary or linear displacement, force, pressure, torque, velocity, acceleration, and vibration. For example, LVDT is an inductive transducer which … Read more
Unit The result of measurement of a physical quantity must be defined both in kind and magnitude. The standard measure of each kind of physical quantity is called a unit. Lets take an example of length. As we know that length is a physical quantity. The metre is a unit of length that represents a definite … Read more
Modulation The term modulation means ‘to change‘ or ‘to modify‘. Modulation is the process of transmission of the information signal (low-frequency audio signal) using a high-frequency carrier signal. Modulation is the basic requirement for transmitting the message signal through free space. Modulating Signal The information bearing signal is called the modulating signal. Modulated signal The signal … Read more
Frequency Modulation It is the process in which the frequency of the carrier signal is varied by the modulating signal while the amplitude remains same. It is different from Amplitude modulation as there is amplitude variation. Let carrier wave be ec = A Sin (ωct + φ) = A Sin (fct + φ) fc = carrier wave … Read more
Amplitude Modulation(AM) The process of varying amplitude of the high-frequency or carrier wave in accordance with the intelligence (code, voice or music) to be transmitted, keeping the frequency and phase of the carrier wave unchanged, is known as the amplitude modulation. Modulating Signal The information bearing signal is called modulating signal. Modulated signal The signal … Read more
The comparison between Moving Coil & Moving Iron Instruments is given in the table below. S.No. Moving Coil Instruments Moving Iron Instruments 1. It works on the principle of DC motor. It works on the principles of magnetism. 2. Deflection torque is proportional to current. Deflection torque is proportional to the square of the current. 3. Damping is provided … Read more
Q. What is VTVM? Answer. VTVM is a vacuum tube voltmeter. It makes the use of vacuum tube(s) as an active device. Q. Enlist the types of VTVMs? Answer. Average reading, peak reading, slide back, logarithmic, balanced Bridge and electrometer VTVMs are the different types of VTVM. Q. Enlist TVMs. Answer. 1. TVM with cascaded transistor. … Read more
1. Arithmetic Mean 2. Deviation, d 3. Mean or Average deviation 4. Standard deviation, σ 5. Probable Error, r r = 0.6745 σ 6. Mean probable error, rm Also 7. Standard deviation of mean 8. Standard deviation of Standard deviation 9. Minimum range of error 10. Maximum range of error 11. Average range of error 12. Variance, V V = σ2
Radioactive materials are used in nuclear power plants to generate electricity. These radioactive materials emit nuclear radiation. The radiation consists of alpha, beta, gamma and neutrons particles. These particles that detected by an instrument called radiation detector such as Geiger Muller counter, Ionization chamber, Scintillation counter, etc. Types of Radiation 1. Alpha Particles It is … Read more
A scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation similar to Geiger Muller counter and ionization chamber. It uses excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillator material and detecting the resultant light pulses. Scintillation crystals are those which produce a brief flash of light each time they are struck by an … Read more